ESL If I Was vs. If I Were

Informal Assessments Observation Of Everyday Performance

Informal assessments includes the observation of everyday performance. This is the method in which teachers collect information about their students’ performance in usual classroom conditions. Informal assessments are a part of the instructional process and can include â€Å"systematics observations, work sample analysis, task and error analysis, interviews and questionnaires’† (Sacks, 2011). It is done without establishing test conditions such as in the case of formal assessment. Teachers must be role models for their students by having a passion for what they teach as well as modelling discipline in their lives. â€Å"It s almost impossible to catch a cold from someone who doesn t have one. And it s almost impossible for a child to catch the†¦show more content†¦In instructor can see which students are doing well and which students are having problems understanding concepts. A teacher that demonstrates â€Å"withitness† (Marzano, 2007) is also aware of the students’ attitudes and efforts while in school which contributes to their ability to informally assess them. Informal measures can include both formative and summative assessments which can be developed by the teacher or originate from a published assessment. Informal assessments seldom include published assessments such as the informal reading inventory. The primary difference between formal and informal assessments is how they are used and scored. Teachers can choose to administer all or only a portion of an informal assessment. The quality of an informal assessment of reading depends on several measures including the clarity of the instructions and the sometimes are more authentic than formal assessments. Many teachers use informal formative assessments to allow students to see their own growth in addition to recognize where their own deficits. The term informal suggest that the assessment if biased or unplanned, when in actuality many informal assessments aid instructors increase the supreme volume of data (Marzano, 2007) that reveals how a student reads rather than repeated formal ass essments that cause greater time, stress and effort for all parties involved. Informal assessments are particularly malleable and can be

Pride Prejudice study qs free essay sample

English 4310 Study Questions Pride and Prejudice 1 . Titles of literary works are always significant; in Austens novel, the title is highly significant to the central conflict in the narrative. Discuss the title and its significance. The title of Pride and Prejudice is significant because the central conflict between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, as well as several other characters, is fueled by their intense possession of pride and prejudice. Elizabeth holds several prejudices toward Darcy based a lot on commentary from other people and only her brief interactions with him. She doesnt take the time to et to know him personally before forming her own inaccurate Judgments about him. It is only after she hears his side of things through his letter that she begins to change her ideas about him, as evident in her explanation to Darcy, she explained what its effect on her had been and how gradually all her former prejudice had been removed g). We will write a custom essay sample on Pride Prejudice study qs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Darcy, on the other hand, possesses a lot of pride. He was raised to believe his money and status placed him above other people and that he was better than them because of it. So, he initially believes that Elizabeth is beneath him also, but after being round her he grew to like her despite that, but still against his will. His pride is also evident in the fact that, in regard to his first proposal, he had no doubts that Elizabeth would accept. Their warring pride and prejudice is something the characters must overcome in order to see each other as they truly are, accept one another, and realize that the other is their perfect match because they are in fact very much alike. . Choose three specific examples of humor in the novel and explain how Austen creates this humor and the purpose it serves (development of character, irony, satire, tc. ). 1 . The relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet is humorous†to an extent. Mr. Bennet likes to tease and agitate Mrs. Bennets nerves a bit. He likes to play with her already sensitive nature toward the overdramatic. For example, when Mrs. B is urging him to visit Mr. Bingley after he first arrives in town, Mr. B flat out refuses, even though he does in fact plan on paying Bingley a visit. This partly serves to characterize Mr. B as the more rational, laid back side of the couple, and Mrs. B as the overdramatic one who is always in a fit over something. However, it also haracterizes their relationship because Mr. B enjoys agitating his wife, in a way finding some sort of release in a mmarriage that we find out later he is not happy in having married for looks only. The interactions between Darcy and Miss Bingley are also comedic because ot the way he flat out ignores her advances and obvious interest in him, and the ridiculous nature of her behavior when he is present. It is also ironic that Darcy wants nothing to do with her who matches his level of status and clearly desires him, but instead he finds interest in Elizabeth who is exactly the opposite and who he feels in beneath im. 3. Mrs. Bennet also serves comedic purpose on her own. She is very dramatic in her emotions and reactions, specifically regarding her daughters and the men they are involved with. For example, when it is evident that Mr. Bingley has interest in Jane, she absolutely loves him and has only nice things to say about him, praising him constantly, but when he leaves and she finally accepts that he isnt going to return and marry her daughter, she flips her attitude and instead regards him with dislike and forgets all of the things she used to love about him. Also, with Lydia and Wickham, she is completely distraught when they run off together, lying for weeks in her bed, complaining that Lydia has broken her heart, but the moment she is informed that they will be properly married she immediately Jumps up and celebrates and begins showering them with affection and gifts. This serves to characterize her, really making the impression that all she really cares about is getting her daughters married, no matter what it takes, and it really establishes her as a one-dimensional character. . Compare/contrast how women and men view the institution of mmarriage in the novel. Men, at least those who are financially stable, want to be married simply as a desire to have a wife, to complete his life and status. However, for women, mmarriage is very important, especially when their age is prime. Men have more leisure, they can afford to delay mmarriage until they are older, but women dont have that luxury because, in Austens time, a womans beauty is an important part of th e package. Women, especially those without a lot of money to their name, need a husband for financial support. Also, some men who lack money, such as Mr. Wickham, also look for financial support in mmarriage through a wifes dowry. . What commentary does Austen make on the institution of mmarriage? Austen seems to be expressing that a person should enter into a mmarriage that will give them happiness, whether it be through love or through stability, and not through materialistic or shallow reasons, or to settle for what others think will make you happy. . Find two examples of social criticism in the novel and explain Austens stance on these issues. One matter ot social criticism that Austen addresses is the idea ot the tamers estate being entailed to his closest male relative if he has no sons, instead of it being assed to his daughters. I think she is expressing her disagreement with this practice based on nearly every characters criticism on the situation, not one seems to agree with it or be happy about it, not even the person who stands to receive it. Another is that she seems to express that a persons position in social class shouldnt be the most important thing, and people should look past it to know the real person. One example is through the pride of Darcy, initially believing that Elizabeth was beneath him and not important, but he comes to realize that he is wrong, and the pposite with Lady Catherine, that even though she is greatly important, she is not exactly a good or kind person. 6. What do you consider to be the central conflict in the novel? Who is the protagonist? Who/what is the antagonist? Explain. The central conflict could be, as a general idea, the pursuit of mmarriage and the obstacles that so many different people must overcome to gain and be satisfied with it. Austen examines this closely through Elizabeth and Darcys relationship, using Elizabeth as the protagonist to provide a closer perspective on what they experience vercoming not only society, but their own personal obstacles of pride and prejudice, and faulty assumptions. The antagonist could be the expectations of society and other people who get in the way of their pursuit and fuel their pride and prejudice with their own opinions, creating conflict for various couples tthroughout. 7. Read the biographical information provided in our text (257-269). How is Austens background significant in her writing (using Pride and Prejudice as representing her writing)? 8. Pride and Prejudice is considered by some scholars to be a comedy of manners. Define this term and explain how this novel could be considered to be such a work. It can be considered a comedy of manners because it focuses very closely on how people were expected to behave in relation to their gender, status/class, and societal norms. There are many preconceived ways people are expected to behave for a vvariety of situations, but some of the characters in this novel rebel against these expectations, even against their own Judgment and expectations in the case of Darcy, creating tension tthroughout. 9. What might be the central idea/theme of this novel? (Think in terms of the central onflict. Explain how this idea is central to the narrative. I think the central idea expressed in this novel is to find happiness in mmarriage, but happiness based on ones individual idea ot what will provide it This is expressed in different ways through different characters. For Elizabeth, she does not want to settle and wants to find someone who will truly make her happy, and she refuses to marry based on others ideas and pressure. Alternatively, Charlotte decid es to marry not for love, but for the stability that a mmarriage to Mr. Collins will provide, stability which he maintains will bring her happiness, despite Elizabeths opposing opinion, which Charlotte might usually would take into consideration as her best friend. 10. Find two or more quotes from the novel that indicate this central idea. Elizabeth: l am not one of those young ladies who are so daring to risk their happiness am perfectly serious in my refusal. You [Mr. Collins] could not make me happy (100). Charlotte: l ask only a comfortable home am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people (114). 1 1 . What would you list as the strengths of this novel? The diversity of character personalities, and the characters real ability to change and grow without losing believability. They are very realistic in their manners, reactions, and dialogue and so are very relatable. 12. What would you list as the weaknesses of this novel? The perspective is limited to a narrow view of social classes. We only see that of the high class and the high-middle class, but no lower classes are represented by any characters. If there had been a greater distinction between the classes of two people in love, it would have created sthronger tension and conflict.

Models for Marketing Planning Process †Free Sample Available

Question: Evaluate models used in the marketing planning process to analyse the marketing environment and to help managers to formulate marketing strategies. Use contemporary examples of real organisations and brands to illustrate your arguments. Answer: INTRODUCTION Market strategic planning is a managerial process to maintain the feasible fit between the market changing environment, resources and skills and objectives of the organization. This is the process using which a business can analyze their business environment and also their expertise while making any decision. In short it can be described as the framework for implementing the orientation of orientation (Cant, 2006). In the year 1995, MacDonald came up with the various steps that are necessary for marketing plan: Source: (goldsmithibs.com, n.d.) This essay will explain the specific techniques that can be used by the organization for marketing plan. Due to time and word count constraint, the essay will focus on four models. The environment analysis process will be discussed using the PEST model and the planning aid models that will be discussed are Ansoffs Matrix, BCG Matrix and Porters Generic Strategy. To make the essay more precise and clear, it will focus on only one organization that is Nestle. The reason behind not using different organizations for different models because, this might sometimes confuse the reader, thus emphasizing on single organization would make the reader to have thorough knowledge about the topic. The essay will be concluded by summarizing all the models in brief. THEORY/ANALYTICAL MODELS For measuring how the company is performing in the market it is important for the organization to analyze its environment, as this would help the organization to identify ways to improve to maintain success and sustain in the competitive market. The business is affect by both the internal and external factors. The internal factors include the corporate culture and the external factors are the economical, socio-cultural, political etc. The best model that would help an organization to track the environment is PEST, which stands for political, economic, social and technology. This model also helps to determine the corporate strategy in terms of what market segment to focus on? Which country market to focus on? (PESTLE Analysis, 2014) Political: This factor determines the influence of government on a particular industry or economy. For Example, trade tariffs, fiscal policy, tax policies Economic: This factor determines the performance of the economy and its impact in an organization. For example, GDP rate, inflation rate Social: This factor examines the social environment of a particular market by gauging determinants like population, demographics, and cultural trends. Technology: This factor pertains to utilization of latest technologies that might affect the industry or business operations. This can be use of automated software systems, Research and development, technological awareness. After deciding the target market, it is important for the organizations to determine how to compete in that market, whether to target new customers or existing customers by offering new products or finding new market segments etc. There are different models that help to plan the marketing strategies as discussed below. Ansoffs Matrix: This matrix was applied by Igor Ansoff one of the famous American/Russian Mathematician. This matrix ensures that the managers are able to grow their business either through new products or existing products in new or existing markets. This helps the manager to assess the degree of different risks that is associated with the firm. Source: (portal.tugraz.at, n.d.) According to Ansoff matrix, there are four different marketing strategies that center on whether the products are existing or new and also emphasizes on whether a market chosen is existing or new. The four strategies are (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012): Market Penetration: This is about raising the market share by focusing on the existing market which can be achieved by offering more service/products to the existing customers or by finding new customers in the existing markets. Market Development: This strategy emphasizes on launching the existing products for new market. Market Segmentation and market research helps the organization is to find out new customer base. Product Development: This strategy is about developing new products for the existing markets. This involves finding strategies to meet the demand of the customers by launching the new products and break the competitors products. Diversification: This is a strategy of launching new products in the new market. It is one of the risky strategies where organization might face many uncertainties, however if the existing activities are well planned, then diversification would be a successful strategy. BCG Matrix: This a framework created by Boston Consulting Group which helps to evaluate the strategic position of the organizations brand portfolio and its potentials. This model helps the organizations to assign the required resources and also can be used as an analytical tool for portfolio, product, marketing and strategic management analysis. The main purpose of this model is to help the organization to understand on which brand to invest or divest. Source: (Brooks, 2013) The model consists of four categories which are based on competitive position (relative market share) and industry attractiveness (growth rate of the industry). The relative market share dimension helps to evaluate the business portfolio. Higher the market share of the corporate, the higher is the cash returns. Then the market growth rate dimension helps to understand the growth rate of the business. The higher is the growth rate, the higher is the profit and earnings. The four categories on which the brands are classified are (Griffin, 2012): Question Marks: This category is also known as Problem Child. It is business with high growth rate but small market share. Such business units are in need of various resources to grow their market share. The strategic choices that can be used for such brands are divestiture, product development, market development and market penetration (Jurevicius, 2013) Dogs: This is business unit that can neither consumer or generate cash, as it has low market share and also growth rate is low. The best way is to liquidate if the business unit does not have any proper strategic purpose. The strategic choices for such business unit are liquidation, divestiture or retrenchment (Jurevicius, 2013) Cash Cows: This is a business unit that has large market share in a slow growing market. These business units require little investment for investing in new business units. The strategic choices for such business unit are retrenchment, product development, divestiture and diversification (Jurevicius, 2013) Stars: They are the business leader with both high market share and growth in the market. This business unit generate large amount of cash, however to lead in the market they also need to invest. The best strategic choices are product development, market penetration, horizontal and vertical integration and market development (Jurevicius, 2013). Porters Generic Strategy: The generic strategy was introduced by Michael Porter that consists of three generic strategies which help the businesses to maintain and achieve the competitive advantage. According to Michael Porter there are three ways: focus strategy, cost-leadership strategy and the differentiation strategy. Source: (Tanwar, 2013) Cost leadership Strategy: This strategy is about being the low cost producer in the market with high quality level. Here the firm sells the product at a low cost compared to average prices of industry to earn high profit (Kotler and Keller, 2011). Differentiation Strategy: This strategy is about developing service or product with unique features and attributes for its the potential customers. This adds value to the firm and also products and service (Kotler and Keller, 2011). Focus Strategy: This strategy focuses on specific geographical market, product segment or the buyer group. It has two different variants one is differentiation focus and other is the cost focus. In differentiation focus the organization seeks differentiation in the target segment and in cost focus the organization seeks the cost benefit in the targeted segment (Kotler and Keller, 2011). EXAMPLE In this section, Nestle will be used as an example to demonstrate the above mentioned models. Nestle is a Swiss based company which has become one of the largest nutrition and food company in the world. The PEST analysis would help to identify the effect that influences externally on the performance of the organization. Political: Even though in United Kingdom the government is in the form of both parliamentary and monarchy, the system actually follows common law and well-balanced practices. Nestle belongs to the European Union and has a good relation with the Great Britain government. Economic: UK is the third largest economy, however due recession, the market has predicted a mild slip back. Thus because of slow economic growth rate, Nestle need to come up with new production plans and also recruit local candidates to value creation and also continue in the market. Social: The UK population lies in the age group of 15-64, that means the population is slowly aging. Thus, it is an opportunity for Nestle to come up with new product lines like protein bars or organic nutrition food or chocolates with low calories and extra health benefits. Technology: UK heavily emphasizes on computer aided designs and simulations and research and development. This shows that the country is technologically advanced. This is also an opportunity for Nestle where focusing on Research and development would give a competitive advantage to the firm. Nestle also have the option of introducing new application for digital world so facilitate the customers with easy buying. Ansoff Matrix Nestle works in a huge number of distinctive markets. Remembering each one business it creates diverse techniques. The Ansoff Matrix demonstrates four various types of methods that organizations can follow to accomplish their objectives. Firstly it is the market penetration strategy. In this methodology organization brings down their costs so they can go into the market all the more rapidly. It was seen that when Nestle entered Pakistan, they presented their existing product, Milo at extremely reasonable rates, so the business can promptly acknowledge the product. In Market development, the organization takes a current product into another business. This can be seen as when Nestle took KitKat to remote markets or when it propelled Nescafe espresso in China. Product Development is the point at which an organization stays in the same business presently working yet begins to extend its product offering. Nestle was seen utilizing product development when it stayed in the European market however began wandering into nutritional and health products and extending its product offering. Nestle additionally has a diversified portfolio as it invests into the cosmetic organization LOreal and is additionally the stakeholder in various pharmaceutical organizations around the world. BCG Matrix Nestle is a branded House. It comprises of over different types of products and every product is at an alternate stage in the market relying on the area in which it is being sold. By and large the product offerings of Nestle can be partitioned into enormous sub classifications, for example, infant nourishments, which incorporate Nestrum and Cerelac, Bottled Water and Cereals, deserts, beverages, dairy products, chocolates and so on. Every product from each of these diverse classes has different places in the BCG Matrix. For the purpose of this essay only a few products of Nestle will be examined (Boston Consulting Group, 2011). The Cash Cows of Nestle are effectively the vast majority of its chocolate brands and infant food products. Cerelac is an all inclusive cash cow and also Kit Kat that has extremely solid brand vicinity around the world (Reuters, 2012). Nido is quickly developing nourishing milk that is picking up prominently in the Asian part of the world and in the year 2010 (Nytimes.com, 2010), another manufacturing plant of Kit Kat was established in United Kingdom that was to create in excess of 1 billion bars of the chocolate each year. The Stars are those products which have potential in the business and Nestles lines of frozen product are snappy to catch a declining cooking market in United States. Nestle with one of its brand Stouffer, is revolving its regard for frozen pizza to capture more market share in the country (Bryson York, 2011). Dogs are those product offerings which don't acquire high revenue and are hard to turn around. These products are those that ought to be disposed of or sold off so they don't squeeze the benefits of the organization. Nestle, is also showing interest to invest in the pharmaceutical business to be a dog and that the organization ought to pull out and concentrate all the more on its nutritional products. Question Marks are those products whose future is uncertain. They can be transformed out into optimistic cash cows or could diminish to the dog stature for the organization. Concerning the Indian market, the breakfast grains of Nestle are the question marks. Remembering the society of India, the breakfast is a natural meal and the culture of having cereals is low (New York Times, 2012). The specific products in the Indian markets are as yet attempting to make sense of their future. Porters Generic Strategies To grow in this competitive market, Nestle has focused on product differentiation strategy with proper market segmentation process. Nestle provides wide range of products as per the different segment needs based on season ,age, climate and occupation etc like for example Coffee for busy people. Looking the behavioral segment of the customers, Nestle has introduced Decaf, Caf menu, Everyday, Super Premium (Wyatt, 2013). Nestle has also introduced Chocolate milk or Nesquick who love chocolate taste, Cold coffee for hot season. Nestle also specializes babyfood products like Lectogen 1 for less than 7months babies, Even Nestle focuses on noodle section by producing Maggi noodles, Maggi Soup of different varieties etc. It also differentiates itself in its Channel and distribution area by reaching to its customers through transportation and market salesman. It also differentiates itself in terms of image; the logo of the organization is highly acceptable and different from its competitors. Even, Nestle has many employees who are highly trained and educated. This helps the business to run effectively and successfully. Nestle is also different from its competitors in giving service to the customers. The organization offers 24 hours service through its hot line service also offers high quality checking service to its customers. Following all this offers the organization, high position in the market. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it can be said that marketing planning is the process of making decisions or analysis that an organization go through while implementing or defining their approach to the market. The essay has highlighted the 10 ways the organization needs to utilize for making effective marketing plan. Following this comprehensive process would help to make effective decision at each stage. The essay also demonstrated that analyzing the business environment is very important while making a strategic marketing decision, where the PEST model is the best tool to analyze the effect of external factors on the performance of the organization. To determine the strategic focus, the essay has demonstrated three useful model; Ansoff Matrix, BCG Matrix and the Porters Generic Strategies which would help the organization to determine the market and find the strategies to compete in that market. To give a precise and clear demonstration of these models, the essay has focused on Nestle, as an examp le instead of using different companies for different models. It is found through the essay that use of efficient procedures and marketing models, Nestle not only serves as a best nutrition and food organization but also as real multination organization. The utilization of these models has helped to create streamline process. REFERENCES Boston Consulting Group, (2011). BCG HISTORY: 1968. Brooks, C. (2013). What is a BCG Matrix?. Bryson York, E. (2011). Nestle: Aisles to go with products. Cant, M. (2006). Marketing management. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta. goldsmithibs.com, (n.d.). MARKETING PLANNING. Griffin, R. (2012). Management. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., p.222. Jurevicius, O. (2013). BCG matrix: how to perform it? | Strategic Management Insight. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2011). Marketing management. 14th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, p.51. Nytimes.com, (2010). Nestl Plans R.D. Center in India. PESTLE Analysis, (2014). What is PESTLE Analysis? A Tool for Business Analysis. portal.tugraz.at, (n.d.). ANSOFF MATRIX. Reuters, (2012). China's moms key to Nestle baby milk deal. Tanwar, R. (2013). Porters Generic Competitive Strategies. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 15(1), pp.11-17. Wilson, R. and Gilligan, C. (2012). Strategic Marketing Management. NY: Routledge, p.304. Wyatt, N. (2013). Consumer packaged coffee: Nestl | Marketline.