ESL If I Was vs. If I Were

Informal Assessments Observation Of Everyday Performance

Informal assessments includes the observation of everyday performance. This is the method in which teachers collect information about their students’ performance in usual classroom conditions. Informal assessments are a part of the instructional process and can include â€Å"systematics observations, work sample analysis, task and error analysis, interviews and questionnaires’† (Sacks, 2011). It is done without establishing test conditions such as in the case of formal assessment. Teachers must be role models for their students by having a passion for what they teach as well as modelling discipline in their lives. â€Å"It s almost impossible to catch a cold from someone who doesn t have one. And it s almost impossible for a child to catch the†¦show more content†¦In instructor can see which students are doing well and which students are having problems understanding concepts. A teacher that demonstrates â€Å"withitness† (Marzano, 2007) is also aware of the students’ attitudes and efforts while in school which contributes to their ability to informally assess them. Informal measures can include both formative and summative assessments which can be developed by the teacher or originate from a published assessment. Informal assessments seldom include published assessments such as the informal reading inventory. The primary difference between formal and informal assessments is how they are used and scored. Teachers can choose to administer all or only a portion of an informal assessment. The quality of an informal assessment of reading depends on several measures including the clarity of the instructions and the sometimes are more authentic than formal assessments. Many teachers use informal formative assessments to allow students to see their own growth in addition to recognize where their own deficits. The term informal suggest that the assessment if biased or unplanned, when in actuality many informal assessments aid instructors increase the supreme volume of data (Marzano, 2007) that reveals how a student reads rather than repeated formal ass essments that cause greater time, stress and effort for all parties involved. Informal assessments are particularly malleable and can be

Pride Prejudice study qs free essay sample

English 4310 Study Questions Pride and Prejudice 1 . Titles of literary works are always significant; in Austens novel, the title is highly significant to the central conflict in the narrative. Discuss the title and its significance. The title of Pride and Prejudice is significant because the central conflict between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, as well as several other characters, is fueled by their intense possession of pride and prejudice. Elizabeth holds several prejudices toward Darcy based a lot on commentary from other people and only her brief interactions with him. She doesnt take the time to et to know him personally before forming her own inaccurate Judgments about him. It is only after she hears his side of things through his letter that she begins to change her ideas about him, as evident in her explanation to Darcy, she explained what its effect on her had been and how gradually all her former prejudice had been removed g). We will write a custom essay sample on Pride Prejudice study qs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Darcy, on the other hand, possesses a lot of pride. He was raised to believe his money and status placed him above other people and that he was better than them because of it. So, he initially believes that Elizabeth is beneath him also, but after being round her he grew to like her despite that, but still against his will. His pride is also evident in the fact that, in regard to his first proposal, he had no doubts that Elizabeth would accept. Their warring pride and prejudice is something the characters must overcome in order to see each other as they truly are, accept one another, and realize that the other is their perfect match because they are in fact very much alike. . Choose three specific examples of humor in the novel and explain how Austen creates this humor and the purpose it serves (development of character, irony, satire, tc. ). 1 . The relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet is humorous†to an extent. Mr. Bennet likes to tease and agitate Mrs. Bennets nerves a bit. He likes to play with her already sensitive nature toward the overdramatic. For example, when Mrs. B is urging him to visit Mr. Bingley after he first arrives in town, Mr. B flat out refuses, even though he does in fact plan on paying Bingley a visit. This partly serves to characterize Mr. B as the more rational, laid back side of the couple, and Mrs. B as the overdramatic one who is always in a fit over something. However, it also haracterizes their relationship because Mr. B enjoys agitating his wife, in a way finding some sort of release in a mmarriage that we find out later he is not happy in having married for looks only. The interactions between Darcy and Miss Bingley are also comedic because ot the way he flat out ignores her advances and obvious interest in him, and the ridiculous nature of her behavior when he is present. It is also ironic that Darcy wants nothing to do with her who matches his level of status and clearly desires him, but instead he finds interest in Elizabeth who is exactly the opposite and who he feels in beneath im. 3. Mrs. Bennet also serves comedic purpose on her own. She is very dramatic in her emotions and reactions, specifically regarding her daughters and the men they are involved with. For example, when it is evident that Mr. Bingley has interest in Jane, she absolutely loves him and has only nice things to say about him, praising him constantly, but when he leaves and she finally accepts that he isnt going to return and marry her daughter, she flips her attitude and instead regards him with dislike and forgets all of the things she used to love about him. Also, with Lydia and Wickham, she is completely distraught when they run off together, lying for weeks in her bed, complaining that Lydia has broken her heart, but the moment she is informed that they will be properly married she immediately Jumps up and celebrates and begins showering them with affection and gifts. This serves to characterize her, really making the impression that all she really cares about is getting her daughters married, no matter what it takes, and it really establishes her as a one-dimensional character. . Compare/contrast how women and men view the institution of mmarriage in the novel. Men, at least those who are financially stable, want to be married simply as a desire to have a wife, to complete his life and status. However, for women, mmarriage is very important, especially when their age is prime. Men have more leisure, they can afford to delay mmarriage until they are older, but women dont have that luxury because, in Austens time, a womans beauty is an important part of th e package. Women, especially those without a lot of money to their name, need a husband for financial support. Also, some men who lack money, such as Mr. Wickham, also look for financial support in mmarriage through a wifes dowry. . What commentary does Austen make on the institution of mmarriage? Austen seems to be expressing that a person should enter into a mmarriage that will give them happiness, whether it be through love or through stability, and not through materialistic or shallow reasons, or to settle for what others think will make you happy. . Find two examples of social criticism in the novel and explain Austens stance on these issues. One matter ot social criticism that Austen addresses is the idea ot the tamers estate being entailed to his closest male relative if he has no sons, instead of it being assed to his daughters. I think she is expressing her disagreement with this practice based on nearly every characters criticism on the situation, not one seems to agree with it or be happy about it, not even the person who stands to receive it. Another is that she seems to express that a persons position in social class shouldnt be the most important thing, and people should look past it to know the real person. One example is through the pride of Darcy, initially believing that Elizabeth was beneath him and not important, but he comes to realize that he is wrong, and the pposite with Lady Catherine, that even though she is greatly important, she is not exactly a good or kind person. 6. What do you consider to be the central conflict in the novel? Who is the protagonist? Who/what is the antagonist? Explain. The central conflict could be, as a general idea, the pursuit of mmarriage and the obstacles that so many different people must overcome to gain and be satisfied with it. Austen examines this closely through Elizabeth and Darcys relationship, using Elizabeth as the protagonist to provide a closer perspective on what they experience vercoming not only society, but their own personal obstacles of pride and prejudice, and faulty assumptions. The antagonist could be the expectations of society and other people who get in the way of their pursuit and fuel their pride and prejudice with their own opinions, creating conflict for various couples tthroughout. 7. Read the biographical information provided in our text (257-269). How is Austens background significant in her writing (using Pride and Prejudice as representing her writing)? 8. Pride and Prejudice is considered by some scholars to be a comedy of manners. Define this term and explain how this novel could be considered to be such a work. It can be considered a comedy of manners because it focuses very closely on how people were expected to behave in relation to their gender, status/class, and societal norms. There are many preconceived ways people are expected to behave for a vvariety of situations, but some of the characters in this novel rebel against these expectations, even against their own Judgment and expectations in the case of Darcy, creating tension tthroughout. 9. What might be the central idea/theme of this novel? (Think in terms of the central onflict. Explain how this idea is central to the narrative. I think the central idea expressed in this novel is to find happiness in mmarriage, but happiness based on ones individual idea ot what will provide it This is expressed in different ways through different characters. For Elizabeth, she does not want to settle and wants to find someone who will truly make her happy, and she refuses to marry based on others ideas and pressure. Alternatively, Charlotte decid es to marry not for love, but for the stability that a mmarriage to Mr. Collins will provide, stability which he maintains will bring her happiness, despite Elizabeths opposing opinion, which Charlotte might usually would take into consideration as her best friend. 10. Find two or more quotes from the novel that indicate this central idea. Elizabeth: l am not one of those young ladies who are so daring to risk their happiness am perfectly serious in my refusal. You [Mr. Collins] could not make me happy (100). Charlotte: l ask only a comfortable home am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people (114). 1 1 . What would you list as the strengths of this novel? The diversity of character personalities, and the characters real ability to change and grow without losing believability. They are very realistic in their manners, reactions, and dialogue and so are very relatable. 12. What would you list as the weaknesses of this novel? The perspective is limited to a narrow view of social classes. We only see that of the high class and the high-middle class, but no lower classes are represented by any characters. If there had been a greater distinction between the classes of two people in love, it would have created sthronger tension and conflict.

Models for Marketing Planning Process †Free Sample Available

Question: Evaluate models used in the marketing planning process to analyse the marketing environment and to help managers to formulate marketing strategies. Use contemporary examples of real organisations and brands to illustrate your arguments. Answer: INTRODUCTION Market strategic planning is a managerial process to maintain the feasible fit between the market changing environment, resources and skills and objectives of the organization. This is the process using which a business can analyze their business environment and also their expertise while making any decision. In short it can be described as the framework for implementing the orientation of orientation (Cant, 2006). In the year 1995, MacDonald came up with the various steps that are necessary for marketing plan: Source: (goldsmithibs.com, n.d.) This essay will explain the specific techniques that can be used by the organization for marketing plan. Due to time and word count constraint, the essay will focus on four models. The environment analysis process will be discussed using the PEST model and the planning aid models that will be discussed are Ansoffs Matrix, BCG Matrix and Porters Generic Strategy. To make the essay more precise and clear, it will focus on only one organization that is Nestle. The reason behind not using different organizations for different models because, this might sometimes confuse the reader, thus emphasizing on single organization would make the reader to have thorough knowledge about the topic. The essay will be concluded by summarizing all the models in brief. THEORY/ANALYTICAL MODELS For measuring how the company is performing in the market it is important for the organization to analyze its environment, as this would help the organization to identify ways to improve to maintain success and sustain in the competitive market. The business is affect by both the internal and external factors. The internal factors include the corporate culture and the external factors are the economical, socio-cultural, political etc. The best model that would help an organization to track the environment is PEST, which stands for political, economic, social and technology. This model also helps to determine the corporate strategy in terms of what market segment to focus on? Which country market to focus on? (PESTLE Analysis, 2014) Political: This factor determines the influence of government on a particular industry or economy. For Example, trade tariffs, fiscal policy, tax policies Economic: This factor determines the performance of the economy and its impact in an organization. For example, GDP rate, inflation rate Social: This factor examines the social environment of a particular market by gauging determinants like population, demographics, and cultural trends. Technology: This factor pertains to utilization of latest technologies that might affect the industry or business operations. This can be use of automated software systems, Research and development, technological awareness. After deciding the target market, it is important for the organizations to determine how to compete in that market, whether to target new customers or existing customers by offering new products or finding new market segments etc. There are different models that help to plan the marketing strategies as discussed below. Ansoffs Matrix: This matrix was applied by Igor Ansoff one of the famous American/Russian Mathematician. This matrix ensures that the managers are able to grow their business either through new products or existing products in new or existing markets. This helps the manager to assess the degree of different risks that is associated with the firm. Source: (portal.tugraz.at, n.d.) According to Ansoff matrix, there are four different marketing strategies that center on whether the products are existing or new and also emphasizes on whether a market chosen is existing or new. The four strategies are (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012): Market Penetration: This is about raising the market share by focusing on the existing market which can be achieved by offering more service/products to the existing customers or by finding new customers in the existing markets. Market Development: This strategy emphasizes on launching the existing products for new market. Market Segmentation and market research helps the organization is to find out new customer base. Product Development: This strategy is about developing new products for the existing markets. This involves finding strategies to meet the demand of the customers by launching the new products and break the competitors products. Diversification: This is a strategy of launching new products in the new market. It is one of the risky strategies where organization might face many uncertainties, however if the existing activities are well planned, then diversification would be a successful strategy. BCG Matrix: This a framework created by Boston Consulting Group which helps to evaluate the strategic position of the organizations brand portfolio and its potentials. This model helps the organizations to assign the required resources and also can be used as an analytical tool for portfolio, product, marketing and strategic management analysis. The main purpose of this model is to help the organization to understand on which brand to invest or divest. Source: (Brooks, 2013) The model consists of four categories which are based on competitive position (relative market share) and industry attractiveness (growth rate of the industry). The relative market share dimension helps to evaluate the business portfolio. Higher the market share of the corporate, the higher is the cash returns. Then the market growth rate dimension helps to understand the growth rate of the business. The higher is the growth rate, the higher is the profit and earnings. The four categories on which the brands are classified are (Griffin, 2012): Question Marks: This category is also known as Problem Child. It is business with high growth rate but small market share. Such business units are in need of various resources to grow their market share. The strategic choices that can be used for such brands are divestiture, product development, market development and market penetration (Jurevicius, 2013) Dogs: This is business unit that can neither consumer or generate cash, as it has low market share and also growth rate is low. The best way is to liquidate if the business unit does not have any proper strategic purpose. The strategic choices for such business unit are liquidation, divestiture or retrenchment (Jurevicius, 2013) Cash Cows: This is a business unit that has large market share in a slow growing market. These business units require little investment for investing in new business units. The strategic choices for such business unit are retrenchment, product development, divestiture and diversification (Jurevicius, 2013) Stars: They are the business leader with both high market share and growth in the market. This business unit generate large amount of cash, however to lead in the market they also need to invest. The best strategic choices are product development, market penetration, horizontal and vertical integration and market development (Jurevicius, 2013). Porters Generic Strategy: The generic strategy was introduced by Michael Porter that consists of three generic strategies which help the businesses to maintain and achieve the competitive advantage. According to Michael Porter there are three ways: focus strategy, cost-leadership strategy and the differentiation strategy. Source: (Tanwar, 2013) Cost leadership Strategy: This strategy is about being the low cost producer in the market with high quality level. Here the firm sells the product at a low cost compared to average prices of industry to earn high profit (Kotler and Keller, 2011). Differentiation Strategy: This strategy is about developing service or product with unique features and attributes for its the potential customers. This adds value to the firm and also products and service (Kotler and Keller, 2011). Focus Strategy: This strategy focuses on specific geographical market, product segment or the buyer group. It has two different variants one is differentiation focus and other is the cost focus. In differentiation focus the organization seeks differentiation in the target segment and in cost focus the organization seeks the cost benefit in the targeted segment (Kotler and Keller, 2011). EXAMPLE In this section, Nestle will be used as an example to demonstrate the above mentioned models. Nestle is a Swiss based company which has become one of the largest nutrition and food company in the world. The PEST analysis would help to identify the effect that influences externally on the performance of the organization. Political: Even though in United Kingdom the government is in the form of both parliamentary and monarchy, the system actually follows common law and well-balanced practices. Nestle belongs to the European Union and has a good relation with the Great Britain government. Economic: UK is the third largest economy, however due recession, the market has predicted a mild slip back. Thus because of slow economic growth rate, Nestle need to come up with new production plans and also recruit local candidates to value creation and also continue in the market. Social: The UK population lies in the age group of 15-64, that means the population is slowly aging. Thus, it is an opportunity for Nestle to come up with new product lines like protein bars or organic nutrition food or chocolates with low calories and extra health benefits. Technology: UK heavily emphasizes on computer aided designs and simulations and research and development. This shows that the country is technologically advanced. This is also an opportunity for Nestle where focusing on Research and development would give a competitive advantage to the firm. Nestle also have the option of introducing new application for digital world so facilitate the customers with easy buying. Ansoff Matrix Nestle works in a huge number of distinctive markets. Remembering each one business it creates diverse techniques. The Ansoff Matrix demonstrates four various types of methods that organizations can follow to accomplish their objectives. Firstly it is the market penetration strategy. In this methodology organization brings down their costs so they can go into the market all the more rapidly. It was seen that when Nestle entered Pakistan, they presented their existing product, Milo at extremely reasonable rates, so the business can promptly acknowledge the product. In Market development, the organization takes a current product into another business. This can be seen as when Nestle took KitKat to remote markets or when it propelled Nescafe espresso in China. Product Development is the point at which an organization stays in the same business presently working yet begins to extend its product offering. Nestle was seen utilizing product development when it stayed in the European market however began wandering into nutritional and health products and extending its product offering. Nestle additionally has a diversified portfolio as it invests into the cosmetic organization LOreal and is additionally the stakeholder in various pharmaceutical organizations around the world. BCG Matrix Nestle is a branded House. It comprises of over different types of products and every product is at an alternate stage in the market relying on the area in which it is being sold. By and large the product offerings of Nestle can be partitioned into enormous sub classifications, for example, infant nourishments, which incorporate Nestrum and Cerelac, Bottled Water and Cereals, deserts, beverages, dairy products, chocolates and so on. Every product from each of these diverse classes has different places in the BCG Matrix. For the purpose of this essay only a few products of Nestle will be examined (Boston Consulting Group, 2011). The Cash Cows of Nestle are effectively the vast majority of its chocolate brands and infant food products. Cerelac is an all inclusive cash cow and also Kit Kat that has extremely solid brand vicinity around the world (Reuters, 2012). Nido is quickly developing nourishing milk that is picking up prominently in the Asian part of the world and in the year 2010 (Nytimes.com, 2010), another manufacturing plant of Kit Kat was established in United Kingdom that was to create in excess of 1 billion bars of the chocolate each year. The Stars are those products which have potential in the business and Nestles lines of frozen product are snappy to catch a declining cooking market in United States. Nestle with one of its brand Stouffer, is revolving its regard for frozen pizza to capture more market share in the country (Bryson York, 2011). Dogs are those product offerings which don't acquire high revenue and are hard to turn around. These products are those that ought to be disposed of or sold off so they don't squeeze the benefits of the organization. Nestle, is also showing interest to invest in the pharmaceutical business to be a dog and that the organization ought to pull out and concentrate all the more on its nutritional products. Question Marks are those products whose future is uncertain. They can be transformed out into optimistic cash cows or could diminish to the dog stature for the organization. Concerning the Indian market, the breakfast grains of Nestle are the question marks. Remembering the society of India, the breakfast is a natural meal and the culture of having cereals is low (New York Times, 2012). The specific products in the Indian markets are as yet attempting to make sense of their future. Porters Generic Strategies To grow in this competitive market, Nestle has focused on product differentiation strategy with proper market segmentation process. Nestle provides wide range of products as per the different segment needs based on season ,age, climate and occupation etc like for example Coffee for busy people. Looking the behavioral segment of the customers, Nestle has introduced Decaf, Caf menu, Everyday, Super Premium (Wyatt, 2013). Nestle has also introduced Chocolate milk or Nesquick who love chocolate taste, Cold coffee for hot season. Nestle also specializes babyfood products like Lectogen 1 for less than 7months babies, Even Nestle focuses on noodle section by producing Maggi noodles, Maggi Soup of different varieties etc. It also differentiates itself in its Channel and distribution area by reaching to its customers through transportation and market salesman. It also differentiates itself in terms of image; the logo of the organization is highly acceptable and different from its competitors. Even, Nestle has many employees who are highly trained and educated. This helps the business to run effectively and successfully. Nestle is also different from its competitors in giving service to the customers. The organization offers 24 hours service through its hot line service also offers high quality checking service to its customers. Following all this offers the organization, high position in the market. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it can be said that marketing planning is the process of making decisions or analysis that an organization go through while implementing or defining their approach to the market. The essay has highlighted the 10 ways the organization needs to utilize for making effective marketing plan. Following this comprehensive process would help to make effective decision at each stage. The essay also demonstrated that analyzing the business environment is very important while making a strategic marketing decision, where the PEST model is the best tool to analyze the effect of external factors on the performance of the organization. To determine the strategic focus, the essay has demonstrated three useful model; Ansoff Matrix, BCG Matrix and the Porters Generic Strategies which would help the organization to determine the market and find the strategies to compete in that market. To give a precise and clear demonstration of these models, the essay has focused on Nestle, as an examp le instead of using different companies for different models. It is found through the essay that use of efficient procedures and marketing models, Nestle not only serves as a best nutrition and food organization but also as real multination organization. The utilization of these models has helped to create streamline process. REFERENCES Boston Consulting Group, (2011). BCG HISTORY: 1968. Brooks, C. (2013). What is a BCG Matrix?. Bryson York, E. (2011). Nestle: Aisles to go with products. Cant, M. (2006). Marketing management. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta. goldsmithibs.com, (n.d.). MARKETING PLANNING. Griffin, R. (2012). Management. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., p.222. Jurevicius, O. (2013). BCG matrix: how to perform it? | Strategic Management Insight. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2011). Marketing management. 14th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, p.51. Nytimes.com, (2010). Nestl Plans R.D. Center in India. PESTLE Analysis, (2014). What is PESTLE Analysis? A Tool for Business Analysis. portal.tugraz.at, (n.d.). ANSOFF MATRIX. Reuters, (2012). China's moms key to Nestle baby milk deal. Tanwar, R. (2013). Porters Generic Competitive Strategies. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 15(1), pp.11-17. Wilson, R. and Gilligan, C. (2012). Strategic Marketing Management. NY: Routledge, p.304. Wyatt, N. (2013). Consumer packaged coffee: Nestl | Marketline.

Stalin vs. Hitler Essay Example For Students

Stalin vs. Hitler Essay Josef Stalin, a politician from the earliest beginnings of his life, strove to achieve a national sense of power during his reign over the citizens of Russia. Adolf Hitler, however, a born high school dropout somewhat longed for a place in life. He rather fell into his role as a politician, after his brief shortcomings in arts and sciences. These two individuals developed varying ideas to put their controlling minds to work to lead their political parties in the direction of total domination of the state. In the beginning Josef Stalin was a worshiper of his beloved Vladimir Lenin. He followed his every move and did as he said to help establish and lead the Bolshevik party. Much of the early part of his political career was lost due to his exile to Siberia for most of World War I. It wasnt until 1928, when he assumed complete control of the country were he made most of his success. After Lenins death in January 1924, Stalin promoted his own cult followings along with the cult followings of the deceased leader. He took over the majority of the Socialists now, and immediately began to change agriculture and industry. We will write a custom essay on Stalin vs. Hitler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He believed that the Soviet Union was one hundred years behind the West and had to catch up as quickly as possible. First though he had to seal up complete alliance to himself and his cause. Stalin saw a need to sure up the allegiance to him by all who were under him. Therefore, he needed to fight out against those who opposed him. So for the rest of 1924, the Politburo continued to argue about the future of the Soviet economy. The fiercest argument was between Stalin and Trotsky over Trotskys theory of permanent Revolution. Trotsky thought that Communism could not survive in the USSR alone. He argued that the capitalist countries of the West feared Communism and would try to destroy it. For this reason, he said, it was necessary to spread Communism to the countries of Western Europe and to their overseas colonies. This would be done by giving help to revolutionary groups and parties in Western Europe. Stalin put forward an opposite theory the theory of Socialism in One Country. He argued that the USSR must always come first in the governments plans. The rest of the world must take second place. The Communists should concentrate on building up the economy of the USSR, not waste money on helping revolutionary groups abroad. With a strong, modern, and prosperous economy, the capitalist countries would never dare to attack the USSR. Trotskys theory was not popular among Party members. The Russians had set up an organization to help revolutionaries in other countries back in 1919. Its name was Comintern, short for Communist International. Comintern had already backed several attempts at revolution in European countries over the past five years, and all had failed. Trotskys theory therefore looked unworkable. Faced with mounting criticism from Party members, he resigned from his government post as Commissar for War in 1925. During his argument with Trotsky, Stalin joined forces with the Rightists: Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky; who wanted to continue Lenins New Economic Policy. Stalin joined them not because he agreed with NEP, but because he hoped they would help him to drive Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev out of the Politburo. Sure enough, with the help of the Rightists, Stalin made sure that Trotsky was always voted down in the Politburo. He also arranged for his supporters to vote against Trotsky in meetings of the Party Central Committee. He even saw to it that his supporters booed Trotskys supporters in public meetings. At the end of 1925 Stalins position was strengthened when the Party Congress elected three of his old friends to the Politburo. With their help, Stalin was able to secure the dismissal of Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev from the Politburo. In 1927, Trotsky and Zinoviev were also expelled from the Party. Now that Stalin had gotten rid of Trotsky and his supporters, he turned against the Rightists who wanted to continue with NEP. In 1928, Stalin argued in favor of ending NEP, and expanding industry as fast as possible. Bukharin and the Rightists tried to argue against him. But now that Stalin had a majority of supporters in the Politburo, their arguments fell on deaf ears. At the start of 1929, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky resigned from the Politburo. Meanwhile, in 1928, Trotsky had been deported to Alma Ata in Soviet Central Asia. In 1929, he was exiled from the USSR all together. Stalin was now supreme leader of the USSR. Trotsky, however, had not heard the last of the argument, for Stalin was determined to wipe him out of political life all together. While Trotsky went to live in Turkey, and then in France and finally in Mexico, Stalin made sure that all traces of his life in the USSR were wiped out. Trotskys name was removed from all official publications and photographs of him were destroyed. As we shall see, his supporters in the USSR were purged from the Party and, in many cases, imprisoned or killed. Finally, in 1940, the NKVD, the secret police, arranged for Trotsky to be murdered. Posing as a supporter of Trotsky, one of their agents talked his way into Trotskys heavily guarded house, pulled out an ice-axe from beneath his coat and buried its point in Trotskys skull. Trotsky died of his wounds a day later, on 21 August 1940. .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .postImageUrl , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:hover , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:visited , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:active { border:0!important; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:active , .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue825ba49966abd4ca835c93f97637b2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adam Reres EssayAs Stalin fought to assure a sound political foundation, he was very interested in turning around the economy to make Russia a world economic power. His first agenda was to instill his first five-year plan. The Soviet economy at the time was concentrated in agriculture. Stalin believed that Russia had to modernize and become more industrialized. He believed that this could only be achieved by creating a command economy and forcing farmers and the industry to modernize. Stalin set high goals for the industry and by the second year of his plan he had a growth rate of 50%. Collectivization was also part of his plan. This was an attempt to modernize the industry by taking over all firms and businesses. Each business or factory was given a target that it had to meet every year for a five-year period. Punishment for failing to meet objectives was brutal, and the extreme extent was the execution of the factory managers. One of the major results of the five-year plans was the impressive industrial and agricultural development throughout Russia. Adolf Hitler, started out in a different setting than his power hungry counterpart Josef Stalin. Hitler was born in a completely different country than which he choose to command power in. Since there are strong similar ties in bloodlines between Austrians and Germans, Hitlers father had a few relatives who were of German decent. He spent most of his early childhood failing out of grammar school and dreaming to become a famous artist. Upon his mothers death he officially moved to Vienna, where he tried to attend the Academy for the Arts. His portfolio was not up to the standards of the Academy for him to be admitted as a student; so for much of the remainder of his time in Vienna, Hitler sold his paintings and attended shows and concerts as a member of the middle class would. He put up this front living off of the pension from his father to support his costly lifestyle as a fraud. Adolf Hitler later moved to Munich and after a brief attempt to flee from the drafted service into the Austrian army, Hitler joined the German army to fight on the front line in World War I. He was a communications headquarter runner on the eastern front of the German side for most of the war before being discharged and sent home due to injury in the line of duty. After being discharged from the hospital, Hitler was determined to take up a political role in order to destroy the peace settlement that he denounced as intolerable. Like many Germans, Hitler was shocked and dismayed by Germanys defeat in the First World War. By chance, he attended a meeting of a newly formed political party in Munich in 1919. He decided to join, and within a short time, he had gotten rid of the original leaders and begun to shape the party in ways that reflected his own ideas. The party was the National Socialist German Workers Party. It was a nationalist party in that it wanted Germany to recover the power and prestige that it had lost as a result of its defeat in the First World War. It was Socialist in that it attacked the rich in a number of ways, for example, demanding the abolition of unearned income such as profits from stocks and shares. The combination of nationalism and a kind of Socialism was unusual. It was one that Hitler hoped would win much support from ordinary Germans. The importance of the Nazi Party at this time should not be exaggerated. It was only one of many small parties that sprung up during those years in Munich. However, it was a force to be reckoned with. Hitler proved to be an excellent orator capable of arousing great enthusiasm in an udience. With uniforms, marching songs, cheerleaders and the changing of slogans, Nazi meetings were carefully planned to rouse people to frenzy. Hitler also formed a section of the party known as the Sturmabtellung, or storm troopers. Their job was to deal with hecklers at Nazi meetings as well as to break up the meetings of Hitlers political opponents. The wave of discontent arising out of the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 led Hitler to feel that the time had come for him to try to seize power in Bavaria, as a first step to taking over control of the government in Berlin. The Nazi beerhall putsch (so named because it was in a Munich beer cellar that Hitler announced the formation of his new government of National Revolution) was a fiasco. When Nazi brown shirts marched on the center of Munich, loyal troops opened fire. Sixteen Nazis were killed and many of their leaders, including Hitler, taken prisoner. Hitler however, turned this failure to his advantage. His trial, which was reported throughout Germany, gave him the opportunity to make known his views to a much wider audience. He received the most lenient sentence possible: five years in prison. .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .postImageUrl , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:hover , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:visited , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:active { border:0!important; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:active , .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04 .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab63696609acf76b319efe1dedec6f04:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus the Liar EssayIn fact, he only served nine months of the sentence, in conditions of considerable comfort. In prison he found the time to write the account of his political views known as Mein Kampf, (My Struggle), this book became the bible of the Nazi Party. The Nazis failed to increase their support in elections during the prosperous years 1924-29. This period, however, saw many developments in the organization of the Party: the creation of party units in northern Germany, the formation of a Hitler youth movement, the establishment of a Nazi trade union known as the German Labor Front, the holding of mpressive annual party rallies. Hitler had realize d that it had been a mistake to try to seize power by force. Such actions only lost the sympathy of groups such as the army and the middle classes whose support he was hoping to attract. In 1929, Hitler joined forces with the conservative National Party in a campaign against the Young Plan. This helped the Nazis appear more respectable. At the same time it brought Hitler into contact with some of Germanys leading industrialists, from whom the Nazi Party was soon to receive a great deal of financial support. On the evening that Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933, huge crowds filed past the Chancellery building in Berlin. Carrying lighted torches and shouting Heil, Heil, Sleg Heil ,the hundreds of thousands of them marched until the early hours of the morning. Hitler, standing on the balcony taking the salute, must have felt that the hour for which he had been waiting for so many years had at last come. That same evening many other Berliners stayed in their homes, depressed, anxious and frightened about the future. Hitler had come to power with the support of the President, the army and many conservative politicians. They all hoped to be able to use him for their own purposes. Hitler, however, was determined that this would not happen. His aim was complete power for himself. His first step was to announce new elections for the Reichstag, hoping this time to gain an overall Nazi majority. Now that he was in control of the government, he was able to use new ways of influencing people: censoring the press, dismissing civil servants who opposed the Nazis, giving police duties to the SA. The whole election campaign was marked by extreme Nazi violence against political opponents, especially against the communists. A week before the election, the Reichstag building in Berlin went up in flames. Blamed on the communists, the Reichstag Fire provided Hitler with the excuse to issue an emergency decree suspending all liberties guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution. The Fire was almost certainly started by the Nazis, but most German people did not suspect this at the time. As a result of the fires, fifty-one anti-Nazis were murdered. The Nazis suppressed all political activity, meetings and publications of non-Nazi parties. The very act of campaigning against the Nazis was in effect made illegal. Nazi newspapers continued to print false evidence of Communist conspiracies, claiming that only Hitler and the Nazis could prevent a Communist takeover. Joseph Goebbels now had control of the State-run radio and broadcast Nazi propaganda and Hitlers speeches all across the nation. The Nazis now turned their attention to election day, March 5. All of the resources of the government necessary for a big win were placed at the disposal of Joseph Goebbels. The big industrialists who had helped Hitler into power gladly coughed up three million marks. Representatives from Krupp munitions and I. G. Farben were among those reaching into their pockets at Gorings insistence. With no money problems and the power of the State behind them, the Nazis campaigned furiously to get Hitler the majority he wanted. On March 5, the last free elections were held. But the people denied Hitler his majority, giving the Nazis only 44 percent of the total vote, 17,277,180. Despite massive propaganda and the brutal crackdown, the other parties held their own. The Center Party got over four million and the Social Democrats over seven million. The Communists lost votes but still got over four million. This is the deviant plan which helped Hitler reach is ultimate goal of a complete governing power by himself with no one to question his authority. These two men were very demanding in obtaining what they thought should be the rule of a nation by their own personal control. Stalin and Hitler were very close in the same way that they had an aggressive vigor to force a type of commanding dictatorship into their respective countries. Each had a special army that they put in high regard politically to where they were considered special police agents. These armies were under different orders, but their main objectives were to stop anyone who opposed, or were thought to be in opposition to the head of state. Also, both Stalin and Hitler had ideas to improve the education levels and economic prosperity of their own countries, each trying to put their own at the top of the world in industry and commerce. Although Hitler and Stalin were opposed to each others own strategies and political stance on being a world dominator, they were very similar in the way to which they fought for political power.

Free Essays on Rape Essay

The Tragedy of Rape: Putting Faces to Numbers In the article, â€Å"The Possibilities and Limits of Telemedicine: Self-Treatment at the South Pole,† Sara Taub and Kayhan Parsi begin by stating, â€Å"it has been said that the death of one person is a tragedy whereas the death of a million is a statistic.† One daily occurrence where this can be applied is rape. Over 240,000 fall victim to rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault every year in the U.S. Although this a daily occurrence, many people do not realize how serious the issue truly is until they’ve heard a personal account of it; like many things, it isn’t recognized as tragic until real names and stories are placed to the statistical number. To help illustrate my point I will be using a few articles of the many on the subject. One of the articles examined, â€Å"Escaping Hades† by Lis (no last name given) is a story of one girl’s personal struggle with being the victim of rape. The second article is a statistic chart for r ape provided by RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network). The third article is the story of Jesse Dirkhising, a young boy who was brutally raped and killed, the article was written by Allyson Smith of worldnetdaily.com. I whole-heartedly agree with the quote that with many things, including rape, are much more tragic when viewed from one victims personal perspective rather than looking at a number. RAINN has provided a chart of statistics of the epidemic of rape. According to these statistics, â€Å"In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault.† Although this number is alarming and may give a bit of a shock value to whoever reads it, the truth is for the majority of people who look at this will think of it as no more than a number. Within these numbers lie true stories of victims of a terrible tragedy, it is not the numbers that tell their personal struggle or hardships that occurred throughou... Free Essays on Rape Essay Free Essays on Rape Essay The Tragedy of Rape: Putting Faces to Numbers In the article, â€Å"The Possibilities and Limits of Telemedicine: Self-Treatment at the South Pole,† Sara Taub and Kayhan Parsi begin by stating, â€Å"it has been said that the death of one person is a tragedy whereas the death of a million is a statistic.† One daily occurrence where this can be applied is rape. Over 240,000 fall victim to rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault every year in the U.S. Although this a daily occurrence, many people do not realize how serious the issue truly is until they’ve heard a personal account of it; like many things, it isn’t recognized as tragic until real names and stories are placed to the statistical number. To help illustrate my point I will be using a few articles of the many on the subject. One of the articles examined, â€Å"Escaping Hades† by Lis (no last name given) is a story of one girl’s personal struggle with being the victim of rape. The second article is a statistic chart for r ape provided by RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network). The third article is the story of Jesse Dirkhising, a young boy who was brutally raped and killed, the article was written by Allyson Smith of worldnetdaily.com. I whole-heartedly agree with the quote that with many things, including rape, are much more tragic when viewed from one victims personal perspective rather than looking at a number. RAINN has provided a chart of statistics of the epidemic of rape. According to these statistics, â€Å"In 2002, there were 247,730 victims of rape, attempted rape or sexual assault.† Although this number is alarming and may give a bit of a shock value to whoever reads it, the truth is for the majority of people who look at this will think of it as no more than a number. Within these numbers lie true stories of victims of a terrible tragedy, it is not the numbers that tell their personal struggle or hardships that occurred throughou...

Gender differences as a function of perception and stereotypes Dissertation

Gender differences as a function of perception and stereotypes - Dissertation Example The researcher states that the changing leadership practices of school principals at the secondary school level are evident through the development programs and leadership preparations for women in positions of leadership in schools. There is now increasing emphasis on preparing women for school leadership positions, which underlines two connected concerns. Firstly, the prevailing patterns illustrate the ways in which preparation programs are intentionally leveraging designs and delivery aspects in preparing larger numbers of women for leadership functions in schools. This is to equip them with the knowledge and skills required for systemically changing school working. Such patterns clearly suggest the transforming characteristics of school leadership in terms of being driven and accompanied through conceptualizing the principal’s role in new ways. It is thus important to examine the changing roles of school leadership, the environment in which principals are developed and pre pared, the gender differences relative to perception and stereotypes and stratification of roles. In considering them together it becomes evident that the increasing emphasis on instructional capacities in school leadership has disturbed the conventional gender balance of authority whereby men’s roles are related with masculinity. For example, male roles such as administration are indicative of higher status relative to women’s functions in regard to femaleness, child care and instruction. (Bennett and Anderson, 2003). The shortage of women in roles of secondary school principals is a global phenomenon, which is evident from the fact that women comprise of at least half of total secondary school teachers but in secondary school administration functions they form a minority. It is required of professionals in the area of education to appreciate the fact that gender determines important roles in regard to women being assigned the role of principals in secondary schools. Analysts in the field of education believe that there are three standards relative to leadership and gender: That orthodox leaders are male Leadership styles are characteristic of being macho It can be theorized that leadership tends to marginalize gender. Tallerico and Blount (2004) have held that society has orthodox beliefs about leadership being vested with males and that such belief systems continue supporting male domination. They also believe that norms such as gender filters are perpetuated due to shared understanding amongst administrators that males have the ability to resolve matters relative to discipline. However, the transforming environment of enhanced accountability has impacted shifts in concepts of leadership through which principals are being inducted. In regard to enhanced local and national emphasis on enhancing students’

Ralph Lauren Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ralph Lauren Corporation - Essay Example Today the company is operating 179full-services stores, 171 factory stores, and 281discounted based shop outlets. Different famous brands include Polo Ralph Lauren, Black Label, Purple Label, RLX Denim and sportswear for tennis, and sportswear for golf. The brands for women were also launched by Ralph Lauren; Black Label, Blue Label, RLX Lauren Ralph Lauren, and Denim & Supply for women. The brands for children include Ralph Lauren Children wears, Baby Ralph Lauren, etc.Other small-scale fashion brands include Club Monaco, Chap, and American Living. Polo Sport, Polo Denim, Ralph Lauren jeans co. and blue label were other famous brands of the company.The corporations running the restaurants under the name of RL and under the Rugby Ralph Lauren branding.Operating any company at such a big level as Ralph Lauren is a difficult task. The management head needs to be very interactive and fast thinkers. The decision-making parties must be experienced. Different marketing tools help the large r companies to make their marketing strategies successful and take their corporation to the high level of achievement. Marketing tools play important role in the strategy building process for advertisement of the brands and companies.A marketing strategy is a general promotion plot planned to encounter the wants and necessities of consumers. The idea should be founded on strong arms. A number of methods will then be engaged to make certain points that the promotion plan is efficiently and well delivered. Marketing procedures are the tackles used by the marketing section. The marketing section will set out to classify the utmostsuitable tools to achieve maximum profits and generate revenues. These marketing techniques include consumer promoting campaigns public relations, trade and, point-of-sale materials, editorial, publicity and sales literature

Detecting Bias Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Detecting Bias - Assignment Example en by Catherine Porter and titled as â€Å"Lessons of the Montreal Massacre: Why women must fight to be what they want† for bias and the level of bias presented in her publication. The title is the first element of an article that attracts the reader and motivates him to read or believe that which way the article is inclined towards. The title of this article clearly indicates that it is in favor of women who are biased or facing difficulties in being what they want. However, the article title leaves the reader thinking about the main theme and hence promotes the reading process. Porter uses words which show her own involvement in the issue. She uses the words like ‘we’ and ‘us’ to convey the message of togetherness and mutuality of opinions. Porter uses certain words which clearly state her biased views and even expose her targeted audience through this article. For instance she writes â€Å"If you are one of those young women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which clearly indicate that this article is written with a perspective to persuade women readers on her perspective. She uses a persuasive tone to attract the readers and accept her claims. She states â€Å"If you are one of those young women who says you arent a feminist, you havent heard this story.† This claim, on one hand, challenges the thoughts of women who say they are not feminist and emphasizes on the importance of her stated story on the other. The facts exposed in this article are of course of immense importance. Like the reference to particular incidents and facts help in developing her claim. For instance the reference to the incident which she adds in her article as â€Å"In 20 minutes, he shot or stabbed 27 people, mostly women, before shooting himself. Fourteen of his victims died.† This claim does not only put the women at a disadvantageous position because of discrimination or bias from the opposite gender but also explains the level of discrimination and bias by stating that â€Å"All of them were women†. Her

History Of The File Management System Information Technology Essay

History Of The File Management System Information Technology Essay Its the first management system introduced in 1960s. This was actually the proof of concept, in which the feasibility of storing large amount of data was shown. Its the management system in which all data is stored on a single large file as indicated from its name. It just contains data in which there are no relationships and no links between data and records. Its main drawback is searching a record or data takes a lot of time. Also these systems had a lot of drawbacks like for updating or to modify the data we have to do a lot of efforts as searching took time. Sorting the records was one of time taking process. Courtesy of http://en.kioskea.net/contents/bdd/bddtypes.php3Hierarchical Database System: 1970s 1990s In order to take account of the disadvantages in the previous file management system, this data base system was introduces a new concept of parent-child relationship between the flat files (like trees concept). The origin of data is called root have several branches coming out of it at different levels and the last level is called leaf. For example a parent can have many children but a child can only have a parent (1: M relation). This model uses pointers for navigation between stored data. For accessing the data we have to follow the hierarchy from top to bottom. Its main drawback is that if we need to modify or wants to add something in the data we have to alter all the structure thats again a very tedious task. Some times our data can best model if we have multiple parents/owners, so hierarchical Database system restricts ourselves in doing so. Network Database System: 1970s 1990s Courtesy of http://en.kioskea.net/contents/bdd/bddtypes.php3Some database can be best modeled by having multiple parents per child. So many-to-many relations were introduced in which a record can have multiple owners (M: M). Examples are DMS and IDMS. Its the more flexible than hierarchical database system as it reduces redundancy. Its drawbacks are:    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintainability (for changing the relationships we may require physical reformation of data),  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of strength. Any failure in the system leaves the dangling reference to the data which can somehow be recovered   As there is no limit on relationships so our system becomes more complex. Courtesy of http://en.kioskea.net/contents/bdd/bddtypes.php3 Relational Database System: 1980s present (second generation DBMS) In order to overcome the drawbacks in the previous systems, this Database system was introduced in which data is organized in tables as shown (each record shown in a row and attributes shown in the columns). Its structure, i.e., a table, is easily understood and the design and standardization process is well defined. So the relationships formed between the tables. Its the flexible, well-established system. Due to its sound theoretical base this database system is used from many years. Standard data access language through SQL( SQL is limited when accessing complex data) SQL considered the fourth generation language. This system dont support for complex data types. Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_databaseObject-Oriented Database Management System: 1990s present (third generation database system) During 1990s unstructured data become more common so in order to handle these increasing complex data, object-oriented database system were introduced. Its a model in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases should not be used when there would be few join tables and there are large volumes of data. Object-oriented data base management system gives high performance to manage objects and give ease to the complex connection of objects. This makes it so much reliable than any other data base management systems. This is one of the database management systems that supports the creation of data as objects. This includes some kind of support for classes of objects and the inheritance of class properties and methods by subclasses and their objects. Today, object oriented databases plays important role in enterprises develop systems and infrastructure to deal with more complex data requirements. OBJECT-RELATIONAL (1990s-present): Its the same as relational data base but using the concepts of object-oriented data bases that are classes, inheritance and concept of objects. It can be described as mid-way between relational data base and object-oriented data base. In this DBMS the approach is same as that of relational DBMS. There are some features of an object-relational data base management system that includes SQL that can be used to create both relational and objects. It also supports to different functions of object-oriented. DATA-WAREHOUSING (1980s-present): Its the collection of data which helps management in decision making. . Its basic concept is to provide architectural model for the flow of data. In large organizations there are multiple tasks assign to different groups of persons each having their records. The warehouse includes development of systems to extract data from their operating systems plus provides managers flexible access to the data. It focuses on modeling and analysis of data for decision makers. Excludes data not useful in decision support process. Data once recorded cannot be updated. Data warehouse requires two operations in data accessing i.e. initial loading of data, access of data. The benefit of the data ware house is that it gives same data regardless of the source that is easier to analyze information. Another benefit is that if the source system data is washed out the information in the data ware house which is under control can be stored safely. WEB-ENABLED (1990s-present): The dramatically effect on database environment is the ascendance of the internet thats why its called web-enabled data base system. Web-enabled data base is simply a data base which is web-based interface. The main purpose of web-enabled allows users to access data from central warehouse. The application of web-enabled data base is ticketing of an airline or buying computer direct from manufacturer through internet. All of this needs data base and easy connection if multiple users are through internet. Example of web-enabled data baseIn 2000s the most common change in data base environment is addition of XML defined web services. It is found everywhere for business purposes. Summary of Database Application: Courtesy of Modern Database Management 8th edition by JEFFREY A. HOFFER

Free College Admissions Essays: Learning from Mistakes :: College Admissions Essays

Learning from Mistakes    One day that I will probably never forget is the day that I had to play Jonathan Walker. He was easily the best table tennis player in our school and he had even been offered to play on the National Junior team. I remember the match as if it was yesterday.    It was the time of year when competition smelled thick in the air and everyone was excited about Inter-House Sports. I was particularly involved in Tennis and Chess but I was really excited about Table Tennis as I had been named Vice-Captain.    It was a grueling school day that had ended with an arduous 120-minute Chemistry practical. The school bell that rang was like sweet music to my ears and the only thought that whisked through my mind was that of going home and sleeping in my big, comfortable bed. Just then, I remembered that the Table Tennis contest between Team C and Team D which also incidentally the finals, was at 4:00 p.m. I sluggishly changed into the clothes that I had in my locker and headed for the Games Room. I was very tired and hoped that I would have an easy opponent. However, this was not to be my lucky day. The captain of our team, Jason, was sick so I had to play the opposing captain, namely, Jonathan. Panic and doom were those thoughts that dominated my mind when I was told this.    However, I was always an optimist and tried to convince myself that I could defeat him (Yeah right!). We approached the table and shook hands. In the few initial minutes, we warmed up, just casually rallying the ball around, but even then he was playing better tennis than I ever had. The coach then blew his whistle which concluded the warm up and signaled the commencement of the match. At this point in time, I tried to swallow all the fear and anxiety that I had and to face my opponent valiantly and courageously. The match began and before I had fully realized, he had won the first game 21-05. He had won it with the utmost ease, returning even my best shots without any struggles or even remote difficulty. I tried not to feel discouraged, saying to myself that he still had two more games to win and that I would not give in without a fight.

Human Infrastructure of Toyota Production System

In order to produce world-class, quality automobiles at competitive price levels, Toyota has developed an integrated approach to production which manages equipment, materials, and people in the most efficient manner while ensuring a healthy and safe work environment (Toyota web page). The Toyota Production System is built on two main principles: Just-In-Time† production (the manufacturing and conveyance of only â€Å"what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed), and â€Å"Jidoka. (to the ability to stop production lines, by man or machine, in the event of problems such as equipment malfunction, quality issues, or late work). Underlying this management philosophy and the entire Toyota production process is the concept that â€Å"Good Thinking Means Good Product. † From the systems perspective, the human infrastructure is a set of processes and structures within TPS. Key elements of that human infrastructure are: a. Effective utilization of every member’s time. b. Total participation at all levels . Encouragement of ingenuity Toyota has developed a system where the human infrastructure works harmoniously with the rest of the operating system. Some of the attributes of Toyota’s human infrastructure are intensive training, rapid problem solving skills, and teamwork. The expectation was that problems will be solved promptly, completely, and systematically. A review of the Toyota’s Georgetown, Kentucky, Plant case indicates the above key elements of human infrastructure were evident at various degrees. TMM did receive intensive training from TMC, starting a year ahead of plant opening, one-on-one, as well as having TMC trainers remain in Kentucky for a few years. However, as indicated in the case, team member’s time was not always effectively utilized. In some tasks, such as when a car had a seat problem the team leader pulled the andon cord to signal Ok and then tagged the car to alert Quality and moving the car to the Code 1 clinic area to see if the problem was correctable there. This process does not present value added and is in contradiction to Jidoka principles. As Friesen found out on his walk between Final 1 and Final 2, the workers interviewed only knew of a few seat incidents, which was contradictory to the data posted at work stations. This indicates very little involvement of the workers in the root cause investigation. The majority of defects indicate missing parts and material flaws. Application of the â€Å"Five Whys† exercise could very well indicate a supplier issue. The TMM case does not mention of any instance where team member ingenuity was encouraged or demonstrated in solving any of the prevailing issues that are causing the Andons. The only instance where the group leader, Shirley Sargent, had reported the problem with the rear seat hook, months had elapsed and she yet had to receive an explanation or participate in possible solutions. Another issue that would need to be investigated and analyzed is the steady increase, and disparity of Andon pulls between the 1st and 2nd Shift Rear Seat teams. This could indicate that non-standardized procedures are used or training deficiencies among the teams. Doug Friesen is correct in applying Jidoka in â€Å"going and seeing† the problem. There are key elements of the human infrastructure, such as: active encouragement of ingenuity, and worker participation in the solutions, that would help in the solutions. Also, a seat supplier kaizen is in order to identify NVA tasks, analyze the effectiveness of pulling problem cars off line for repairs, and prepare for the needs for the additional 18 seat variations expected for the Japan and Middle East markets.

Introduction to Criminology

Introduction to Criminology After reading the article, it is notable that there are awesome highlights explaining the history, development, and evolution of crime in the society. The first thing that comes out clearly from the article is the nature of crime. Different criminal activities have existed in the society over the past centuries. For example, certain criminal activities such as robbery have been common. In the recent past, new criminal activities have emerged such as piracy and gunfights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Criminology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some crimes such as slavery have reappeared in the form of kidnappings. It is because of this aspect of crime that new technologies scientific inquiries have emerged to understand the field of criminology much better. In the 18th century, criminology emerged as a major field of study with different sociologists and scholars contributing a lot to the field. Th is eventually played a major role towards reforming criminal justice and law in Europe. The other fascinating issue from the article is how crime has changed over the centuries. Crime and the definition of criminal acts and deviant behaviors are â€Å"social products†. This means that the individuals in a specific society will define what should be a crime or not. Criminologists distinguish acts depending on the society and the existing political laws. It is also notable that the article explains how people identify certain acts to be bad because they have been prohibited in the society. This explains why there are some universal laws against acts such as assault, rape, and murder. The author of the article goes further to present a fascinating point of interest. There are two models of criminal law. These include the â€Å"consensus† and the â€Å"conflict† models. The consensus model explains how a society describes what is â€Å"wrong† and then impleme nts the most effective laws. The conflict model, on the other hand, explains how criminology and criminal law originates from the interests or expectations of various politicians, interest groups, or leaders. This means that the definition of crime mainly reflects the expectations and views of the powerful people in a society. The article also explores the problem of crime from a sociopolitical and economic perspective thus making it a frustrating â€Å"moment†. According to statistics, global crime has been on the rise since the Second World War. Crime continues to take new forms depending on technological changes and developments.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As well, crime is a major problem because it is hard to estimate its costs. A study by David Anderson indicated that the cost of crime is very high and affects the lives of people across the world. The art icle explains how crime affects people and increases the level of government expenditure to cater for prisoners, control crime, and policing. This is the reason why governments and societies should consider the best laws to address the problem of crime because it affects all people alike. In our modern world, the article explains why crime continues to become a major challenge across the globe. Crime also has both sociological and psychological aspects thus making it full cost incalculable. That being the case, there should be new inquiries to define crime accurately and be able to address it because it is a major concern today. I would therefore recommend this article because it offers a wider range of views, insights, and understanding of crime as a major sociological issue affecting the world today. Introduction to Criminology The term criminology refers to the design and scientific study of the extent, nature, control and cause of the criminal behaviors in both the individual and society. Crime is any act committed that deprives the individuals and the society of their values, rights and beliefs. There are different reasons why people commit crimes. Several factors such as the society, systems, culture and economy affect the criminal behaviors of a person. The criminal act may be as a result of a combination factors or one factor stated above.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Introduction to Criminology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons behind a person’s desire for committing a crime vary from an individual to the other. The reasons include anger, greed, revenge, jealousy, or pride. Many people organize for successful crimes just to acquire and live a better life. The act is in some people. Several criminals think th at the action is more lucrative than performing routine jobs. It is in their minds that crime brings joy and substantial rewards. I think that inadequate parenting skills like neglected and sexually abused children are liable to be criminals later in life. Peer pressure and drug abuse can also lead to criminal offences. Drug users will always think negatively on how to make money for more drugs than what they have. Income and level of education is a significant factor leading to crime. Low-wage earners may be tempted to get additional resources to make ends meet. Some will automatically prefer illegal processes to get cheap cash. Easy accesses to handguns which are sold cheaply give criminals a sense of security. They can be able to accomplish vicious crimes because of the support they get from the firearms. I may commit crime, especially white-collar crime, for monetary gain to meet my budgetary needs. People become criminals through a process in their life. The life experiences pe ople face in life makes them think differently and acquire new skills. They eventually chose what they want to be. It is believed that all criminals have some basic denominator. The intention is to make some gains in their actions done. Different criminals have different reasons for their actions. Some will be criminals for a specified period while others will make it for life. The theory of sociology says that the major cause of crime is the straining groups and individuals undertake. These people can not live without criminal acts. An individual will experience such strains when they can not achieve their goals. The same will happen when their values are taken away by other people. Lower- class people will steal to make additional money because they can not get enough from the low wages they earn. There are cases where crime follows family line. There re some instances where all family members are criminals.Advertising Looking for term paper on criminal law? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The best way of taming the action in the society is by reforming the system especially the judicial, economic and the education. A change should start with oneself. The legal domain commits white-collar crimes and goes undetected. There should be guidelines in the usage of force by law enforcers like the use of firearms. Clear guidelines on lawyers and prosecutor roles should be implemented. The principles on controlling juvenile delinquency and their protection should be entrenched in the judicial system. The length of detention should be reduced for the offenders. Prisoners who remain in for more than two years find it hard to re-incorporate into the society. Another best way of reducing crime is by reducing the opportunities. This can be ensured by increasing the number of the police force in the streets and increasing their income. Street lights should be on all the time. Creation of employment is a pri ncipal strategy to boost the economy. This will tame crime because many people will be earning a living. Control of outlawed drugs should be intensified to tame drug addiction among the users. I think that there should be criminal education by the judicial system to enlighten people on the dangers of crimes.

Telephone TV Cable Television essays

Telephone TV Cable Television essays In today's world the bounds of information technology are being pushed further and further every day. With Local Area Networks spanning into WorldWide Area Networks and globalization happening to every small business with a connection to the Internet the need for alternatives is growing. Technology and hardware are increasing faster than people with the skills to support them are. With this the ways to connect and expand into the Internet are improving as well as the speed of connections. There are many ways to gain access onto today's Internet and discussed here are going to be three common ways such as the modem, the cable modem and Microsoft's WebTV. These three describe represent the novice, the intermediate, and the advanced. One of the most common ways to connect to the Internet is the modem or the dial-up adapter. It is the most prevalent of the three and was one of the first pieces of hardware used to connect to the Internet. The modem is very similar to a telephone in which the computer when instructed will dial up a telephone number given to you by your ISP (Internet Service Provider) and establish a connection between you and your provider allowing you access to the Internet. The modem has made some advances from it's initial stages and had managed to increase it's downloading speeds, commonly used when browsing and it's uploading speeds used more often when sending Email. Currently the modem is reaching it's pinnacle as speeds are reached at around 56 Kilobytes per second which is for download only and the uploads are at a more modest 28.8K or 33.6K. Unfortunately top speeds in the United States will be initially limited to 53K because of FCC regulations. The FCC does not actually limit modem speeds rather it limits the amount of power that can be sent through the phone line. In order to prevent interference with other electrical devices the FCC places limitations not on the modem but on the server equipmen...

No2 Oncology Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No2 Oncology Literature Review - Essay Example (Trock et al., 2008; Wong et al. 2006; Potosky et al., 2000) In order to give the readers a better understanding of the subject matter, the student nurse will first provide the definition of medical terminology used in this study. In relation to the use of radiotherapy as a form of prostate cancer treatment, the impact of using androgen-deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy as well as the impact of radiation dosage given to patients with prostate cancer will be examined. Eventually, the student nurse will compare and contrast the results of the research findings presented in each of the selected academic journals. Upon discussing the scope and limitation of the study, the student nurse will discuss the proper application of nursing practice in the case wherein the patient is suffering or is recovering from a prostate cancer treatment. Biochemical Relapse-free Survival (bRFS) or Biochemical Recurrence – a cancer relapse after a prostate cancer patient has undergone treatment via surgery or radiation. (National Cancer Institute, 2008) Upon conducting a research study on adding 2 years of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) such as goserelin and flutamide on patients before and during the provision of radiation therapy on patients with prostate cancer, the team of Horwitz et al. (2008) concludes that the provision of less than 150 ng/mL long-term ADT to patients with advanced-stage prostate cancer combined with radiation therapy between 65 to 70 Gy is more effective as compared to the provision of short-term ADT. Similar to the research findings of Horwitz et al. (2008), the team of Hanks et al. (2003) reported the same research findings with the use of less than 150 ng/mL long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy like goserelin and flutamide when combined with radiation dose of 65 to 70 Gy in patients with advanced prostate

Factors in Choosing a Quality Lighting Luminary for a Building Assignment

Factors in Choosing a Quality Lighting Luminary for a Building - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that a fluorescent lamp refers to a low-pressure mercury lamp powered by an electric current. In a construction of a fluorescent lamp, a glass tube is filled with a mixture of argon and mercury vapor at low pressure. The inner side of the tube is coated with the phosphoric coating. The basic structure is as in the diagram presented in the paper. When the light is switched on, current flows through the electrodes in the tube and as a result, it passes through the gas which is contained between the electrodes. The current flow results in the emission of Ultraviolet light from the mercury arc which is converted to visible light by the fluorescent coating found on the inner side of the tube. The circuit contains a starter switch (which is a bimetallic strip), an inductor, a small radio suppressor capacitor and a power correction capacitor that is connected to an AC or DC power supply. The power supply provides the necessary current required to op erate the lamp. This type of lamp contains an outer glass envelop that is filled with nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas acts as a coolant in that it keeps the arc tube at correct temperatures. It also contains a quartz discharge tube which is filled with argon gas and some small amount of mercury which is in liquid form. Either end of the discharge tube contains two electrodes and a secondary electrode which begins the discharge. The secondary electrode is connected in series with a 10 – 30 â„ ¦ resistor. At first, there is no current flow when the lamp is powered on. Then the power supply voltage appears across the main electrode and between one of the mains electrodes and the secondary electrode through the series resistor. Consequently, there is a production of an arc between the secondary and the main electrode resulting in occurrence of ionization. The pressure and the heat build-up results in the formation of more high pressure and vaporized arc between the electrodes.

How Customer Service earns Customer Loyalty Thesis

How Customer Service earns Customer Loyalty - Thesis Example The study would also include a section that would address the area of primary research methodology that would be used to analyze the research question. Finally the study would also contain a section that would summarize the findings of the study and finally suggest certain plausible recommendations that would help marketers of service based organizations to formulate effective strategies that helps in build long term relationships with the organizations thus fostering customer loyalty and ensuring sustainable competitive advantage for the organization in the long run in the competitive and turbulent business environment. Table of Contents How Customer Service earns Customer Loyalty 1 Abstract 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Statement of Problem and Importance of Study 6 Definition of Terms 8 Customer Loyalty 8 Brand 8 Brand Equity 8 Innovations 8 Service Mix 8 Research Questions 9 Summary 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 Historical Background 10 Service Delivery and Customer Loyalty 11 Measuring Customer Satisfaction 14 Distinction between Products and Services 15 Elements of Customer Loyalty 17 Service Innovations and Customer Loyalty 18 Customer Loyalty and Competitive Advantage 20 Service Mix and Customer Loyalty 21 Customer Loyalty and Brand Image 22 Summary 24 Chapter 3: Primary Research Methodology 24 Sampling 25 Data Collection Techniques 25 Research Methodology 26 Summary 27 Chapter 4: Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 28 Discussions 28 Conclusions 29 Recommendations 30 References 32 Chapter 1: Introduction The present age of business and consumer markets is rightly termed as the age of consumers. Business organizations in the wake of increased completion within the market are trying out new means to lure customers. It has become essential for organizations to not only attract new customer alone but to also retain the existing customers. In this event customer relationship management and consequently customer loyalty have become largely an importa nt part of the strategy formulation of business organizations. This strategy of business organizations follows from the popular thought which states that it is easier and less expensive to retain an old customer rather than acquiring a new one. Promoting customer loyalty has therefore become one of the most important elements of strategy formulation for business organizations. Customer loyalty is largely measured as an outcome of the level of customer satisfaction which is defined as â€Å"the customer’s fulfillment response to a customer experience, or some part thereof† (Buttle, 2008, p.44). Business organizations are trying out newer strategies to induce customer loyalty which includes providing loyalty cards that can be used by the customer to redeem points based on their purchases. The points can be redeemed for cash discounts or other offers which helps induce repeat purchases by the customers. Customer loyalty has gained widespread importance in the recent years with the dynamics of markets changing from a seller’s market to a buyer’s market. Promoting customer loyalty also helps an organization to get closer to its customers so as to better analyze the demands of the customers. The importance of customer loyalty can be gauged from the fact that in Europe

To Kill a Mockingbird Evil Triumphs When Good Men Do Nothing Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Evil Triumphs When Good Men Do Nothing Essay In many battles between good and evil, the victory doesn’t always go to the side that has the biggest numbers. There are multiple examples in the Bible and in history where the side that was fighting for God’s way would win even though the odds were stacked against them. Many times the only reason evil wins is because good men are not willing to stand up and fight for what is right because when good men do nothing, nothing good gets done. Like if a person is in a jury of the court, and they don’t speak up. The convict goes free, and now out to commit more crimes. Or if a person is running away from something with another person, the other one falls and they don’t go back and get him/her and leave him/her behind, and something bad happens to the other person,(i. e. Death. Broken arm, leg, etc ) If a person is part of the defense of the court, and they don’t speak up, the convict goes free, and now out to commit more crimes, I could not think of any examples from the book besides if Tom got convicted not guilty and he went and raped another girl, but since Mayella was not really raped, but instead beaten by her father, so that was not true. So instead of a book example, since I could not think of one, I thought of a real life example. I thought of the Casey Anthony trial. Since no one spoke up about the crime. She was convicted not guilty. Someone had to have known something, either to prove her innocence or to prove her guilty. Or it could be k=like this, no one spoke up to prove tom’s innocence so evil triumphed and won by convicting tom If a person is running away from something with another person, the other one falls and they don’t go back and get him/her and leave him/her behind, and something bad happens to the other person. For this I thought of two examples, when Jem and scout are going through the Radley’s fence and Jem’s pants get hung on the fence. Luckily nothing too bad happened, as the pants were returned. Something could have gone wrong and Jem would have been severely hurt. The other example that I thought of was toward the end of the book when Jem and Scout are walking home from the play and Jem gets attacked by Mr. Ewell. Since scout falls and cannot get up (Life Alert!). Jem is attacked and thrown on the ground in result, breaking his arm. In conclusion, There are multiple examples in history where the side that was fighting for the right way would win even though the odds were stacked against them. Many times the only reason evil wins is because good men are not willing to stand up and fight for what is right because when good men do nothing, nothing good gets done -Robert Tucker.

Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest - Caliban and Trinculo :: Shakespeare The Tempest

Psychoanalytic Analysis of Caliban and Trinculo of The Tempest  Ã‚  Ã‚   From a psychoanalytic perspective, both Caliban and Trinculo of Shakespeare’s The Tempest are interesting characters. Caliban is very sexual and bitter, while Trinculo is at odds with everything: his situation of being washed ashore and wrongly accused of saying things when he did not utter a word, as well as Caliban’s worship of an unkingly man, his drunken friend Stephano. Caliban has obviously not had all of his desires trained to stay within him, despite Prospero’s punishments and Miranda’s schooling. Trinculo, on the other hand, wastes his emotions in a bottle of liquor and knows better than Caliban who is and is not fit to worship. Caliban is rude, crude, ugly and lazy. Speaking in a psychoanalytic manner, Caliban is going to be remembered as bitter and obsessed with sex. This sexual desire is going to be coincided first with thoughts of his mutation-- a feeling of inadequacy-- and then more significantly with the absence of his mother. That he had no parents on which to form an Oedipal complex and knows only who his mother was (nothing is mentioned of his father) makes for interesting observations on how he deals with sexuality. We learn that he does not deny that Prospero is the only barrier between him and the rape of Miranda. It is clear that he has developed only so far as Freud’s theory of id, with small touches of the superego. Caliban’s development of the superego is evident only when he does not wish to receive Prospero’s pinches and cramps. He is otherwise all for anything that will bring him pleasure. Being free of Prospero, fulfilling his sexual desires with Miranda and drinking liquor are all on his menu. Trinculo is unable to forget, as the butler Stephano does, all of his woes into the bottom of a bottle. He is upset by the way that Stephano allows himself to be carried away by the worship and praise of Caliban. He is also dismayed in the unjust treatment Stephano dispenses on Caliban’s behalf as Ariel plays Puckish tricks. Clearly, there is no problem with this jester’s ego. He wants himself to be taken care of. He does not appreciate the way he is treated on the monster’s behalf, because he knows he has done no wrong. Later, Trinculo’s id takes over somewhat as he becomes more intoxicated and no longer has the will to let his ego control his id.

Stabilization Policy

| Stabilization Policy| ECO311E| | Glen Edwards 201102728| | | Contents Introduction3 What is Stabilization Policy? 3 Keynesian vs. Classical4 Stabilization in South Africa5 Conclusion5 Reference list6 Introduction In an era where growth and stability in the economy are at the forefront of economic discussions, the economic policies and principles that are utilized in keeping with a stable economy must be taken very seriously. The way in which the governments of the world manage their income and expenditure is therefore of the utmost importance. The task of managing money is what stabilization policies are in a nutshell.The two schools of thought, Classical and Keynesian, view these stabilization policies differently and the author will attempt to discern whether or not either of them view stabilization policy as worthwhile. Additionally the author will analyze the stabilization policy efforts within the South African economy in recent years. What is Stabilization Policy? â€Å"Stab ilization policy is the attempt to reduce fluctuations in income, employment and the price level, stabilizing national income at its full-employment level, if possible. † (Lipsey, 1993:659). This can be done through a governments fiscal or monetary policy, or both.As the author understands it, fiscal policy refer to those policies of the government that affect the tax rates, interest rates and expenditure, all used and controlled in an effort to control the economy. Simply put, a reduction in tax rates and/or an increase in government purchases (expansionary fiscal policy) causes the government's budget deficit to increase, or its budget surplus to decrease, while conversely, a  decrease  in government expenditures and/or an  increase  in taxes (Contractionary fiscal policy) will cause the government's budget deficit to decrease, or its budget surplus to increase. Stabilization Policies, 2000) â€Å"Monetary Policy is the deliberate control of the money supply for the purpose of achieving macroeconomic goals which are full employment, price stability, and steady economic growth. † (Gregory, 2011:149). From the authors knowledge, a change (increase or decrease) in the money supply has a opposite effect on interest rates, and this has an impact on the amount of investment spending. Therefore utilizing either (or both) fiscal and monetary policy may help a government stabilize the economy in times of turmoil and uncertainty.The different stages of growth or recession throughout the years is commonly referred to as the business cycle. The business cycle is, according to Roux (2002:25), comprised of four elements: a trough, and expansion (called a boom), a peak and a downswing (called a recession). A stabilization policy could therefore be used to combat the foreseeable trends that the business cycle seems to follow, although the two schools of thought differ in the way in which they believe these trends arise. Keynesian vs. ClassicalWhen compa ring and contrasting the views of both the Keynesian and Classical economists when it comes to the business cycle, it becomes clear that the way in which these schools of thought differ on this topic is crucial to understanding their stance towards stabilization policy. The main difference in their views of the business cycle are the ways in which the trends and stages in the business cycle come about. Mohr and Fourie (2008:512) support this by stating that classical economists attribute the fluctuations in the business cycle to exogenous factors, while Keynesians believe the business cycle to be an endogenous phenomenon.From the above sentence, it becomes apparent to the author that Keynesians would be strong advocates of stabilization policies in the economy as this would enable them to use it in reducing the negative effects that arise out of said endogenous phenomenon. This being said, the government can simply not know enough, soon enough. As a result the problem of policy lags arises. Policy lags are defined as â€Å"Time lags that occur between the onset of an economic problem and the full impact of the policy intended to correct the problem. † (Policy Lags, 2000).With this in mind, the author concludes that while strong advocates of stabilization policy, Keynesians would prefer moderate and general practice in this regard, rather than a constantly changing policy as this comes with many shortfalls, policy lags being one. Classical economists on the other hand would see few, if any, benefits from implementing a stabilization policy, this is supported by Economics USA (2013) that states â€Å"Classical and neo-classical economists believe that there is little the government can do to reduce unemployment and increase GDP/GNP growth, especially in the long run.They maintain that in the long run, fiscal stimulus raises interest rates and monetary stimulus raises prices without affecting real growth. † From this the author can deduce that it bo ils down to the question of government intervention, where classical economists believe little or no intervention is needed, and Keynesians believing the contrary. Stabilization in South Africa â€Å"The South African economy has experienced remarkable stabilisation in the course of the last decade, and since 1999 the economy has been expanding in what is now by far the longest business cycle expansion in the country’s history. (Du Plessis , Smit & Sturzenegger. 2007:5). Leading up to the 1994 elections, many economists were concerned with the sustainability of South African fiscal policy. This had a lot to do with the amount of government debt. â€Å"Government debt was rising fast, and the associated interest burden had risen to more than 5% of GDP. â€Å"(Du Plessis et al. 2007:6). Stability thereafter was a priority, not only in prices but in the economy as a whole.This notion of stability can also be seen in the most recent budget speech of finance minister Pravin Gor dan where fiscal sustainability is again cited as a priority, especially the role of taxation. â€Å"A review will be initiated this year of our tax policy framework and its role in supporting the objectives of inclusive growth, employment, development and fiscal sustainability† (Gordan, 2013). This makes clear to the author that although growth is top priority, unregulated growth is not and that the government still has a role to play in maintaining the sustainability of prices and growth in the country.Government legislature can be crediting in the strengthening and stabilizing of the economy, as Du Plessis et al (2007:7) state : â€Å"An important milestone of fiscal reform was the Public Finance Management Act of 1999, which legislated the need for regular financial reporting, sound expenditure controls and a strengthened system of supervision and audit. † In the authors opinion, although the government has not the part of the government in monitoring and encouragi ng sound fiscal principles. ConclusionIt becomes clear that stabilization policy is worthwhile from the Keynesian point of view, where government intervention is encouraged and seen as part of a healthy and prosperous economy. The author supports these views as he believes that the stabilization policies have helped, either directly or indirectly, in the preservation and stability of the South African economy, as well as many other emerging economies. This is largely, but not limited to, due to the government's ability to influence the budget deficit through taxation and its expenditure and its control of the country's fiscal policy.Reference list Du Plessis, S. , Smit, B. , & Sturzenegger, F. 2007. THE CYCLICALITY OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA SINCE 1994. July 2007 Economics USA. 2013. Stabilization Policy. [Online]. Available: http://www. learner. org/series/econusa/unit26/ [2013, April 10] Gordan, P. 2013 . (2013, February). Budget Speech 2013. Speech presented at Parliament, Pretoria, Gauteng. Gregory, P. R. 2004. Essentials of Economics. 6th ed. Prentice Hall: London Mohr, P. & Fourie, L. 008. Economics for South African students. 4th ed. Van Schaik: Pretoria Lipsey, R. G. 1993. An Introduction to Positive Economics. 7th ed. Oxford University Press: New York Policy Lags. 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl [2013, April 10] Roux, A. 2002. Everyone's guide to the South African Economy. 7th ed. Zebra Press: Cape Town Stabilization Policies. 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www. amosweb. com/cgi-bin/awb_nav. pl? s=wpd;c=dsp;k=stabi